Chinoiserie, meaning "Chinese-esque," is a captivating European interpretation of Chinese and other East Asian artistic traditions. It encompasses various art forms such as decorative arts, garden design, architecture, literature, theatre, and music. This style emerged in the 17th century and gained popularity in the 18th century due to increased trade with China and the rest of East Asia.
A Match Made in Artistic Heaven
Chinoiserie and the Rococo style share several characteristics, including exuberant decoration, asymmetry, a focus on materials, and stylized nature and subject matter that revolves around leisure and pleasure. However, the unique charm of chinoiserie lies in its portrayal of subjects perceived as emblematic of Chinese culture by Europeans.
A Journey through History
Chinoiserie found its way into European art and decoration in the mid-to-late 17th century, largely influenced by the work of scholar Athanasius Kircher. It reached its peak during the rococo era in the 18th century, greatly admired in works by renowned artists like François Boucher, Thomas Chippendale, and Jean-Baptist Pillement. The influx of Chinese and Indian goods brought by European trading companies further popularized chinoiserie.
It's important to note that chinoiserie was not confined to Europe but became a global phenomenon. Local versions of chinoiserie emerged in India, Japan, Iran, and particularly Latin America. The Spanish traders, through the Manila galleon trade, introduced Chinese porcelain, lacquer, textiles, and spices to New Spanish markets, which inspired local artists and artisans.
The Enduring Appeal
While chinoiserie experienced a decline in popularity after the 18th century, it persisted into the 19th and 20th centuries. It underwent a revival when British-Chinese relations stabilized in the late 19th century. Chinoiserie served as a reminder of Britain's colonial glory that was slowly fading in the modern era.
Chinoiserie in Various Art Forms
The influence of chinoiserie extends beyond the decorative arts. It has left an indelible mark on painting, interior design, architecture, gardens, tea drinking culture, literature, and even fashion.
In painting, chinoiserie introduced asymmetrical compositions, lighthearted subject matter, and a sense of capriciousness. Artists like William Alexander, who traveled to East Asia in the 18th century, were directly influenced by the culture and landscape they encountered, while still relying on pre-established visual signs.
The incorporation of chinoiserie in interior design created enchanting spaces. European monarchs, such as Louis XV of France, embraced chinoiserie, blending it seamlessly with the rococo style. Entire rooms were painted with chinoiserie compositions, and architects like Sir William Chambers added Chinese elements to European palaces and gardens.
The love for tea drinking during the 18th century further fueled the popularity of chinoiserie. Tea culture required appropriate chinoiserie settings to create a unique ambiance. Chinoiserie porcelain and tea drinking itself were more associated with women, and influential women of the time, like Queen Mary II and Queen Anne, were avid collectors of chinoiserie porcelain, setting trends and asserting their purchasing power.
Chinoiserie in Fashion
Chinoiserie's mesmerizing aesthetic has also influenced the fashion industry. Since the 17th century, Chinese arts and aesthetics have inspired artists and creators. French fashion designers, in particular, celebrated chinoiserie fashion in the 18th and 19th centuries. Mariano Fortuny, the Callot Soeurs, and Jean Paquin were among the designers who found inspiration in this style.
Even in the early 20th century, China continued to influence fashion trends globally. European and American designers sought inspiration from China and other non-European cultures. Chinese motifs became popular, and Chinese materials and aesthetics made their way into American fashion. The impact of original Chinese fashion remains evident in various designs and styles.
The Timeless Allure
Chinoiserie's allure lies in its ability to bridge the gap between East and West. It continues to captivate through its unique interpretation of Chinese art and its fusion with European styles. Chinoiserie is not just a trend; it is an enduring testament to the cross-cultural exchange of artistic ideas.
References and Sources
- Chang, Sheng-Ching. "東方啓蒙西方 - 十八世紀德國沃里兹（Wörlitz）自然風景園林之中國元素" (The East enlightening the West - Chinese elements in the 18th century landscape gardens of Wörlitz in Germany). Taipei: 輔仁大學出版社 (Fu Jen University Bookstore), 2015.
- Eerdmans, Emily. "The International Court Style: William & Mary and Queen Anne: 1689-1714, The Call of the Orient". Classic English Design and Antiques: Period Styles and Furniture; The Hyde Park Antiques Collection. New York: Rizzoli International Publications, 2006.
- Honour, Hugh. Chinoiserie: The Vision of Cathay. London: John Murray, 1961.