An exploration of the benefits and history of medium-density housing
Medium-density housing is a term that is often used within urban planning and academic literature to describe a category of residential development that falls between detached suburban housing and large multi-story buildings. While the precise definition of medium-density housing may vary, it generally ranges from about 25 to 80 dwellings per hectare. Examples of medium-density housing include duplexes, triplexes, townhouses, row homes, detached homes with garden suites, and walk-up apartment buildings.
Characteristics of Medium-Density Housing
Medium-density housing differentiates itself from both suburban and high-density development. Suburban areas are characterized by large lot sizes, generous setbacks from the street, low density, and single-uses. On the other hand, high-density development, such as high-rise apartment towers, has very high density with minimal setbacks and is often located near various other land uses and transit connections. Medium-density housing sits between these two extremes. The buildings are usually no taller than 4 stories, with smaller setbacks and individual lots than suburban areas. Medium-density housing often provides multiple housing units within a shared structure, resulting in lower per-unit construction costs and making it a more affordable option than detached homes.
Medium-density housing offers numerous advantages. It allows for more compact development, reducing distances between destinations and facilitating mixed-use areas with easy access to shopping and services. It also encourages the efficient use of land, resources, and infrastructure, leading to smaller, well-designed units with reduced parking requirements. Additionally, medium-density housing creates a sense of community and provides affordable housing options for a wider range of residents.
The History of Medium-Density Housing
In the United States, medium-density housing emerged between the 1870s and 1940s as a response to the need for denser housing near job opportunities. Examples of medium-density housing in the U.S. include streetcar suburbs like Boston, Brooklyn, Baltimore, Washington D.C., and Philadelphia, featuring an abundance of row houses and two-family homes. However, these types of housing have gradually transformed into luxury developments due to rising land and construction costs.
During the 1960s, architects recognized the need for middle-sized housing that bridges the gap between cities and suburbs. Cluster housing emerged as a solution, but it faced negative perceptions and was not marketed towards low-income residents in need of housing. The recession in the 1970s and restrictive zoning contributed to the decline of medium-density housing and created a perception that it was a makeshift substitute for suburban living. Currently, medium-density housing is being reconsidered as a sustainable development option to address the housing crisis in America.
Medium-Density Housing in Australia and New Zealand
In Australia, traditional types of medium-density housing, such as terraced or courtyard housing, were prevalent prior to the dominance of car-based cities. Urban consolidation policies since the 1960s have facilitated the construction of medium-density housing. Although it has received positive feedback from residents, it has been viewed negatively by those living in less dense housing. In New Zealand, there is a growing recognition of the need for medium-density housing to provide affordable and sustainable housing solutions.
Criticism and Regulations
The design of medium-density housing requires careful consideration of urban design principles. Urban consolidation policies have sometimes resulted in the demolition of existing low-density housing, leading to controversy over the impact on established neighborhoods. In response, Australian state and local governments have introduced regulations to govern the design of new medium-density developments.
In the United States, restrictive zoning and "no-growth" ordinances have hindered the development of medium-density housing. Rezoning efforts can be challenging and are often met with resistance from community members. Critics argue that medium-density housing is not a one-size-fits-all solution and that each city needs to approach the housing crisis differently.
Medium-density housing plays a crucial role in bridging the gap between suburban sprawl and high-rise apartments. With its affordability, compactness, and potential for sustainable development, it offers a promising solution to the housing challenges faced by many cities. By embracing medium-density housing, communities can create vibrant, mixed-use neighborhoods that promote a sense of community and improve the overall quality of life.
Image Source: Medium-density housing
